Physics DECAY THEORY cosmology

 "Quantized Universe: Decay Theory, A Pixelated Time, Gravity driven by Entropy and logic of probability Harry Mangulenje, an independent African theorist scholar makes a rare break through using some thought review  with analysis and references from Causal Dynamic Triangulation, Digital Physics, Loop Quantum, String Theory and many others Abstract: This paper proposes a novel theory of the universe, where space, mass, and time are quantized to the Planck scale. The universe is composed of pixilated quanta, with each pixel having a fleeting existence. The decay of these pixels drives the arrow of time, simulating an entropical process. Gravity emerges as a limitation on causal energy, providing a new perspective on quantum gravity. Introduction: The quantized nature of the universe has long been suspected, with theories like quantum mechanics and loop quantum gravity attempting to unify the principles of quantum theory and general relativity. This paper presents a new approac...

Nothing with mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum (c ≈ 299,792,458 m/s). This speed limit applies to objects with mass, like particles, atoms, and even spaceships. However, it doesn't directly relate to time. Time is a dimension, not an object that moves. In relativity, time is an integral part of spacetime, which combines space and time. Time dilation and length contraction occur when objects approach the speed of light, but time itself doesn't "move" or "travel." Time is relative, and its measurement depends on the observer's frame of reference. According to general relativity (1915), gravity warps spacetime, causing time to curve and pass differently at various locations. This effect, known as gravitational time dilation, shows that time is not absolute. *Light always travels at the same speed, but time appears to pass differently for observers in different states of motion.* Consider this thought experiment: 1. Alice stays on Ea...

 The Equivalence Principle (EP) is a fundamental concept in general relativity, formulated by Albert Einstein. _Statement:_ The Equivalence Principle states that: "An observer in a gravitational field will experience the same physical effects as an observer accelerating in a gravity-free space." _Key Implications:_ 1. Gravity is equivalent to acceleration. 2. Gravitational mass equals inertial mass. 3. Local effects of gravity are indistinguishable from effects of acceleration. _Types of Equivalence:_ 1. Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP): Trajectories of objects in gravitational fields are independent of composition. 2. Strong Equivalence Principle (SEP): Laws of physics are invariant under transformations, including gravitational fields. 3. Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP): Combines WEP and SEP. _Consequences:_ 1. Gravitational redshift 2. Bending of light around massive objects 3. Gravitational time dilation 4. Frame-dragging (rotational effects) _Experimental Verificati...

 The Copenhagen interpretation is a fundamental interpretation of quantum mechanics, formulated by Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg. *Key Principles:* 1. *Wave Function Collapse*: The wave function collapses upon measurement, yielding a definite outcome. 2. *Probabilistic Nature*: Quantum mechanics provides probabilities, not definite positions or momenta. 3. *Uncertainty Principle*: Certain properties (e.g., position and momentum) cannot be precisely known simultaneously. 4. *Observer-Dependent Reality*: Reality is shaped by observation; measurement determines the outcome. 5. *Non-Locality*: Quantum entanglement allows instantaneous correlations across distances. *Implications:* 1. *Subjective Reality*: Reality depends on the observer's perspective. 2. *Measurement-Induced Collapse*: Measurement causes wave function collapse. 3. *Limitations of Knowledge*: Certain properties are inherently unknowable. *Copenhagen Interpretation's Strengths:* 1. *Mathematical Consistency*: Alig...

Delving into the foundations of quantum mechanics and the measurement problem. _The Wave Function:_ In quantum mechanics, particles are described by a wave function (ψ), encoding probabilities of finding the particle in various states. _The Measurement Problem:_ When measuring a particle's state, the wave function "collapses" to one definite outcome. This raises questions: 1. What causes wave function collapse? 2. How does the measurement process select one outcome? _Sir Roger Penrose's Concerns:_ Penrose, a renowned physicist and mathematician, argues: 1. If particles are fundamentally uncertain (wave-like), what triggers collapse? 2. How can a measurement, itself a physical process, induce collapse? _Orchestrated Objective Reduction (Orch-OR) Theory:_ Penrose proposes Orch-OR, suggesting: 1. Wave function collapse is objective, not subjective (i.e., not due to observation). 2. Collapse is triggered by quantum gravitational effects, linking to the fundamental nature ...

Resolving the question of gravity as causality and energy as disruption operator on equilibrium Question 1: How does Gravity Wave lensing affect black hole entropy?  Gravity Wave lensing, as a causal gravitational effect, influences black hole entropy by: 1. Disrupting equilibrium: Gravitational Wave lensing introduces fluctuations, increasing entropy. 2. Encoding information: Gravitational Wave lensing encodes matter's information, potentially reducing entropy. _Equation_: ΔS_BH = ℏ * Δφ_GW / (4GM/c^2) Where: - ΔS_BH = change in black hole entropy - ℏ = reduced Planck constant - Δφ_GW = GW phase shift - G = gravitational constant - M = black hole mass - c = speed of light Question 2: Can GW lensing resolve the black hole information paradox? _Answer_: Yes, GW lensing, as a causal effect, helps resolve the paradox by: 1. Encoding information: GW lensing encodes matter's information. 2. Preserving equilibrium: GW lensing maintains equilibrium disruption. _Equation_: I_BH = ℏ * φ...

 In 1885, Nikola Tesla worked for Thomas Edison, who was a proponent of direct current (DC) electricity. Tesla believed he could significantly improve the efficiency of Edison's DC system. He proposed redesigning it into an alternating current (AC) system, which could transmit electricity over longer distances more effectively. Despite Tesla’s innovative ideas, Edison dismissed them, preferring to stick with his established DC system. This disagreement marked the beginning of the “War of Currents,” where Tesla's AC system eventually gained acceptance and transformed the electrical industry, paving the way for modern power distribution. Tesla's vision ultimately shaped the future of electricity.

Defining Time in  Quantum Mechanics Time never stops. Time never moves backwards. Time never repeats itself.  Time is Continuous. What is the Time, now?  It’s 12h40 where I’m. The process of mapping continuous infinite values to a smaller set of discrete finite values is called Quantisation. Time can be divided into infinite values. Microseconds. Nona-seconds.   You can get one trillionth of a second.  Between you & me; we can talk of hours, minutes and seconds. Anything below seconds is of no use. However, in certain situations, microseconds do matter.  Such is Physics.  (a) Classical Physics deals of higher levels of phenomenons. (b) Quantum Physics deals with phenomena at atomic and subatomic levels. (c) Quantum mechanics is therefore the Study of Electrons behaviour. Science of Plasma. Protons & Neutrons.  Niels Bohr was a genius Physicist. With his friends laid the groundbreaking theory of Quantum Mechanics.  He said IF you ...

Based on Planck's formula, energy (E) can be defined as: E = hν Where: - E = energy (in Joules, J) - h = Planck constant (6.62607015 × 10^-34 J s) - ν = frequency (in Hertz, Hz) This equation shows that energy is directly proportional to frequency, with Planck's constant serving as the proportionality factor. Interpretation: 1. Energy is quantized, existing in discrete packets (quanta) rather than being continuous. 2. Frequency determines the energy of each quantum. 3. Higher frequency corresponds to higher energy. 4. Planck's constant (h) relates energy and frequency. Physical Significance: 1. Photon energy (E = hν) explains light's particle-like behavior. 2. Quantization of energy resolves the "ultraviolet catastrophe" in black-body radiation. 3. Forms the basis for quantum mechanics and its applications. Extension to Other Forms of Energy: 1. Kinetic energy: E = (1/2)mv^2 (related to frequency via de Broglie wavelength) 2. Potential energy: E = mgh (related...